Constant
========

.. figure:: icons/constant.png

Predict the most frequent class or mean value from the training set.

Signals
-------

**Inputs**:

-  **Data**

   A data set

-  **Preprocessor**

   Preprocessing method(s)

**Outputs**:

-  **Learner**

   A majority/mean learning algorithm

-  **Model**

   A trained model. Output signal sent only if input *Data* is present.

Description
-----------

This learner produces a model that always predicts the
`majority <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_modelling#Majority_classifier>`_ for classification tasks and `mean value <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean>`_ for regression tasks. 

For classification, when predicting the class value with :doc:`Predictions <../evaluation/predictions>`, the widget will return relative frequencies of the classes in the training set. When there are two or more majority classes, the classifier chooses the predicted class randomly, but always returns the same class for a particular example.

For regression, it *learns* the mean of the class variable and returns a predictor with the same mean value.

The widget is typically used as a baseline for other models.

.. figure:: images/Constant-stamped.png
   :scale: 50 %

This widget provides the user with two options:

1. The name under which it will appear in other widgets. Default name is "Constant".
2. Produce a report. 

If you change the widget's name, you need to click *Apply*. Alternatively, tick the box on the left side and changes will be communicated automatically. 

Examples
--------

In a typical classification example, we would use this widget to compare the scores of other learning algorithms (such as kNN) with the default scores. Use *iris* data set and connect it to :doc:`Test & Score <../evaluation/testandscore>`. Then connect **Constant** and :doc:`kNN <../model/knn>` to :doc:`Test & Score <../evaluation/testandscore>` and observe how well :doc:`kNN <../model/knn>` performs against a constant baseline.

.. figure:: images/Constant-classification.png

For regression, we use **Constant** to construct a predictor in :doc:`Predictions <../evaluation/predictions>`. We used the *housing* data set. In **Predictions**, you can see that *Mean Learner* returns one (mean) value for all instances.

.. figure:: images/Constant-regression.png